Terminology you should know
heritability . dicer and RISC . silencing . transposons . retrovirusses . spontaneous and induced mutations . photolyase . transition and transversion . missense and nonsense mutations . eupolyploidy . facultative sexuality . apomixis . speciation . synthetic theory . allopatric and sympatric speciation . hybrid depression . allopolyploidy . U-triangle . descendence . central dogma of molecular biology . epigenetics
Concepts you should know, be able to explain, and remember
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You can explain, which two factors are central for the generation of genetic variation
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You can explain what happens in a protein, when there is a missense mutation, what happens, when there is a nonsense mutation
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You can explain 3hat is the evolutionary advantage of sexual propagation over asexual propagation
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You can explain, what the term "allopatric" and "sympatric" speciation means
To think about
- How many different gametes can be generated (ignoring crossing over) during meiosis for n=2, n=3, n=4, and n=5 chromosomes?
- White flower colour is a recessive trait. Can you explain why? You have a population of Viola elatior, where 16 % of individuals have white flowers. What percentage of the population is heterozygous for this trait? Remark: before you go to solve this problem, refresh your knowledge on the Hardy-Weinberg-Equation.
- Rapeseed (Brassica napus) is a allopolyploid from Brassica rapa and Brassica oleraceae. Sketch down the chromosomes in meiosis I of a hybrid B. napus x B. rapa and a hybrid B. napus x B. oleraceae.
- Most flowers are hermaphroditic. Give two mechanisms (with a real example), how plants prevent self-fertilisation.
- Many plants attract pollinators by mimicking their sexual signals - why confers this strategy a selective advantage?
To read and deepen
- Genetics of flower colour and pollinator attraction in orchids. Kellenberger et al. 2019 (open access)
- Polyploidie und Pflanzenevolution (via KIT-Lizenz)